More earnings releases and more discussions of disruptions and higher costs! One thing that is clear from all the reports we have followed, whether from basic chemical companies or those downstream, is that no one has any expectation that the supply disruptions and inflationary drivers are going to end soon. In our Sunday Thematic, we talked about the possibility of demand remaining robust and possibly absorbing new supply in 2022 because of further inventory builds. The idea is that holding more working capital, while possibly less efficient financially, may be more prudent from a business continuity perspective, especially given the reputational risk of failing to fulfill customer orders. While there is appropriate concern that interest rates could rise significantly, lending rates are so low that the cost of holding more inventory would be immaterial for many companies. For many products in the chemical chains and across materials more broadly, global oversupply, where it exists, is not high, and a further upward swing in inventories in 2022 could easily keep tight markets tight and swing some more balanced markets to shortages.
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While the Linde results were very strong and surprised to the upside, we also want to focus on what messages they send about the broader economy. As recently as 10 years ago all of the industrial gas companies' results provided a reasonable barometer on the state of the industrial and other parts of the global economy. Industrial gases are an enabling raw material or process gas for so many industries that their direct use is generally a function of operating rates for the industry that they serve. Over the last 10 years, Air Products has deviated from the traditional model, with some very large investments targeting specific projects in Asia and the Middle East and their results are a less useful measure of overall economic activity. While both Air Liquide and Linde continue to reflect the broad economic backdrop well, both could be dragged into large projects around hydrogen over the coming years, and depending on how they choose to report earnings, we could lose the tangential “information” in their reported results. For now, the Linde results are very supportive of the broader industrial-economic strength that is being reflected in earnings and guidance across many industries, including chemicals and refining. The company has added comparisons with 2019 to show how much underlying growth has happened over the two years. While inflation and interest rate increases could slow things down, the Linde numbers confirm that we have a very positive demand backdrop today, and the company’s guidance would suggest that they think it can continue.
Part of our confidence/concern that prices can continue to rise in the chemical space in general stems from what seems to be very strong demand – again confirmed in earnings reports overnight, as well as in the rail data from today's daily report, as well as inventory data that suggest we are below recent ratios to shipment trends. The inventory piece is the great unknown here because the supply chain shocks of the last 20 months will have reset expectations around “safe” levels of inventory and it is hard to judge whether the new “comfort” normal will be back to the trend in the chart or 50% higher! If the new comfort level is materially higher than in the past, demand growth will remain strong and price momentum could continue through 2022. Our expectations for a mega-cycle in basic chemicals and polymers – targeting late 2023 and 2024 could be dragged forward because of higher apparent demand the time to buy the equities could be now, on that basis.
Akzo Nobel is somewhat unusual among the more specialty chemical (in this case paint) producers, as the company has managed to raise prices fast enough to offset costs and produced strong positive results for 4Q 2021. Not having auto OEM exposure will have helped Akzo and the company is well-positioned to manage pricing through its stores in many cases. It is a relatively safe environment to push up paint prices as all of the competitors have the same cost pressure and need to do the same, and demand remains strong – consumers are buying paint.
As Avient and the linked paint article remind us, there are sectors of the US chemical industry that rely on imported products – in these cases pigments, and the supply chain challenges and logistic delays have caused production problems in the US and price increases in 2021. The automotive segment of the paint industry has seen lower demand because of the auto OEM production slowdown, and pigment shortages and price spikes would likely have been worse if automakers had been running at full rates. There is no sense of impending relief in the logistic issues as we go through 4Q earnings reports and we could continue to see issues for a while. This should be good for US-based pigment suppliers, but while Chemours, Venator, and Tronox all have capacity in the US, they also have capacity outside the US which likely faces some supply chain challenges.
We show the correlation between soy prices and crude oil in Exhibit 1 in today's daily report, but note all the higher prices in the Exhibit below for corn, soy, and canola. This is providing a good backdrop for the crop protection industry, as seen in Corteva’s numbers. Farmers can afford to spend more to improve yields. We expect this trend to continue as demand for food will continue to grow and we will see incremental demand for fuels and materials.
With the linked Ashland release, we see another example of a downstream chemical maker struggling with higher input costs and general logistic constraints, and an inability to push through pricing quickly enough to avoid a margin squeeze. The opaqueness that Ashland discusses concerning some of the planning metrics for the near-term is impacting forecasts and estimates for many more companies than just Ashland but given the costs and the supply chain challenges, all are encouraged to push through pricing aggressively, and this suggests that we are far from done with the materials inflationary pressures that we have discussed at length in prior reports and the higher costs of some of these specialty chemicals will start to impact customer margins through 2022. Almost all the earnings reports that we see discuss strong end-market demand and whether this is final customer pull-through or a need to address chain inventory or both, it should support further price initiatives. For more on our inflation views see Inflation (Especially Energy Costs) – Biggest 2022 Wildcard.
In a recent report, we discussed the relative demand strength in the US, as well as the high costs of importing chemicals and polymers into the US and suggested that higher energy and feedstock costs could arrest price declines in the US at levels that still drive significant profitability for US producers. With that in mind, it is interesting to note the upward move in propylene spot prices in reaction to higher propane prices and the resulting flat settlement in propylene contract prices.
2022 has started very strongly for US chemical and polymer producers, in part because demand growth remains very robust based on early reads from those that have reported earnings, and in part because of the ever-increasing competitive edge that the US is enjoying over Asia – see exhibit below. US producers can maintain strong margins in the US, while easily pushing any surpluses into export markets where local suppliers cannot compete. At the same time, higher production costs and very high logistic costs make it almost impossible for those regions with capacity surpluses to move products into the US, and it is challenging also to move products into Europe. If this production and logistic cost environment persist, not only should US prices stabilize, but for select companies – those with a strong US production bias – we should see estimates for 2022 start to rise.
We are already seeing the impact of ESG-pressure related underinvestment in many commodities, and the picture that Olin paints around chlor-alkali is not dissimilar to some of the analyses that could be done around some metals today – especially those that are critically important to the EV, Solar, and Wind industries – this is a topic that we have covered at length. While chlor-alkali may be a pressing very near-term example of how underinvestment could impact chemicals, we suspect that the issue may be much broader, just not yet apparent in other sectors because of the wave of new investment from 2017 through 2022. The polyethylene equivalent chart to the one below would show more balanced supply/demand in the 22 – 24 period than for chlor-alkali but the same deficit thereafter. Many of the other base chemicals would look the same. This supports our expectation of an industry mega-cycle, possibly starting as early as 2023. Of course, there is time to add new capacity by 2025/26, but most companies are more focused today on how they comply with tighter environmental standards today than they are on their next expansion. Further hindering new expansion-driven capital investment decisions is the uncertainty around polymer demand (how much will be recycled, will there be more bans, will there be a substitution from other materials). Our view is that base polymer demand will continue to grow and that we will run short as a consequence of underinvestment. See our report titled - Waiting For The Big One – Is A Chemical Mega-Cycle Ahead?