As Avient and the linked paint article remind us, there are sectors of the US chemical industry that rely on imported products – in these cases pigments, and the supply chain challenges and logistic delays have caused production problems in the US and price increases in 2021. The automotive segment of the paint industry has seen lower demand because of the auto OEM production slowdown, and pigment shortages and price spikes would likely have been worse if automakers had been running at full rates. There is no sense of impending relief in the logistic issues as we go through 4Q earnings reports and we could continue to see issues for a while. This should be good for US-based pigment suppliers, but while Chemours, Venator, and Tronox all have capacity in the US, they also have capacity outside the US which likely faces some supply chain challenges.
We have been asked a couple of times in the last week how US polymer (polyethylene in particular) pricing can remain so robust in a market where there is an inventory build going on. The PMI numbers are part of the answer. While we may be in the seasonally weaker part of the year, customers are still looking for more material than a year ago, and this makes the “we need a lower price” argument much harder, especially when the memory of 1H 2021 acute shortages is still fresh in the memory and when, more than likely, they are getting signals from their customers of a further step up in demand in 2022. We have done some traveling recently and the incremental demand for packaging polymers is very evident in the travel and leisure business, even if the number of travelers is still down. There is more packaging on airline and airport food and hotels are offering pre-packaged food for breakfast that would previously have not been individually packed. The reasons are obvious – safety and hygiene from the consumers' end and costs from the providers' end, as prepackaged food, can be bought in bulk and more cost-effectively and they likely have a longer shelf life.
Our latest Sunday Thematic research report titled, "Reshoring Should Remain Supportive of Chemicals in ’22" studied the investment in US enterprise zones, near and medium-term, and the broad-based benefits for domestic supply chains.
The decline in US and global chemical pricing this week (as discussed in today's daily) is a function of oversupply in the US and lower costs in the rest of the world. The US has had an incentive to produce everything for most of the year and has had essentially full capacity to do so since the beginning of the 4th quarter. This will have collided with seasonally weaker incremental demand in December and the recent abrupt drop in oil and gas prices to swing momentum very much in favor of buyers. Polymer prices have to date been more stubborn in the US, but we expect continued weakness here also through the end of the year.
The recent Dow guidance is worth some further comment as it is being heralded in the stock market as an earnings miss, or at least that is what is implied in the stock performance, even though the signals around margin squeezes in 4Q have been in place for weeks and have been covered extensively in our work. Some elements of modeling chemical company earnings are complex, but rising energy (and therefore feedstock) prices is not one of them. We have commented several times over the last couple of years about the lack of almost any effort being made by the sell-side to rethink estimates mid-quarter, choosing instead to take or interpret company guidance (generally in the first month of a quarter) and then wait until earnings are reported. This does a disservice to both the institutional investors and the chemical companies, as the investors quickly conclude that estimates are likely too high – simply looking broadly at what sectors get hurt by rising energy – but generally do not have a good measure of by how much earnings will be impacted, so they sit on the sidelines, expecting the surprise. That said, there are so many algorithms working today that the alternative of gradual negative revisions to a more reasonable target for the quarter is also likely to hurt stock performance.
US rail data for chemicals remain at the 5-year highs and have been there for almost 2 months. This is working its way into the supply chain and we are seeing weakness in US polymer prices across the board, except for PVC. US spot polymer prices are in a bit of a “no man's land” right now as they would need to drop significantly to find incremental demand offshore, given US premiums to the rest of the world. We believe that most of the volume leaving the US is doing so within company-specific businesses – ExxonMobil supplying ExxonMobil customers, Dow supplying Dow customers, etc, and consequently, these shipments do not show up in the spot market.
The linked article looks at the chemical inflationary cycle of the 70s, which has some relevant indicators for what we are seeing today, but there were also some stark differences. Rising raw material prices is a common theme and while it is convenient to blame OPEC+ this time, the group is not nearly as much to blame today as it was in the 70s. Consumers were facing not just higher oil prices, but also genuine shortages because of the OPEC cutbacks and the multi-year lead times that it took non-OPEC producers to ramp up E&P and ultimately production. This time the oil is there and relatively easy to get to, especially in the US, but the capital spending decisions of the US oil producers – mostly because of ESG related pressure – are holding back the production.
In the first Exhibit below we show a 5-year high in chemical rail-car movements. We have noted in research since early October that 4Q production in the US could be very high because of a combination of available capacity – following a year of weather-related delays – and very attractive margins and demand. We have been at the high end of rail car volumes for most of the quarter, and this may be part of the reason why we are seeing some price weakness for polymers in the US. Most of the polyethylene exported from the US moves from the manufacturing site to the export port via rail, so increased exports would also drive higher rail car numbers. As long as pricing and margins remain high and customer demand robust, we would expect these higher volumes to continue. This does not make us any less concerned that somewhere in the chain there is now an inventory build going on and that fortunes could reverse in 2022.
With ExxonMobil and Baystar’s ethylene plants in start-up and Shell expected to come online in Pennsylvania in 1H 2022, the news that Braskem wants to double its ethane imports from the US in 2022, adds to concern that the US may struggle to meet ethane needs at peak demand rates in 2022. We would be less concerned if we saw natural gas production rising, which is unclear for 2022, despite the expected new LNG capacity. Ethane is likely to follow any upward movement in natural gas pricing as there will be a need to bid the product away from heating alternatives. The increment suggested by Braskem in the Exhibit below is not larger in the overall scheme of US ethane demand, but every gallon may matter in 2022. See today's daily report for more.