For those who are too young to remember, OxyChems’ 30-year comment is because the company owned ethylene capacity in the late 80s and early 90s and would have made more during that extreme ethylene peak. This is likely the most money that the stand-alone vinyls business has made. The strength in the PVC could see some reversal if the inflation pressure remains high and housing-related spending slows, but the strength in the caustic market could persist, regardless of economic growth because of structural shortages and the challenges with imports.
While Alpek shows a decline in the polypropylene to propylene spread in the exhibit below, it is important to note how high margins remain in the US. It is also important to note that the company points to high freight costs from Asia as one of the key drivers. China has significant polypropylene surpluses, and the price delta with the US is very high and, on paper, looks high enough to encourage imports into the US. But it is not that simple. The freight rates for containers from Asia are just one of many roadblocks, including wait time – on the water and the docks – and product quality. A US converter will likely not risk buying a few spot containers from China if focused on a product spec for a US customer. One way to get more material into the US would be for the end-user to buy the product – durable manufacturer or packager – and then ask its supplier to effectively toll-process. That way the product quality and logistic risk sit with the end consumer rather than the converter in the middle. The longer US domestic polypropylene prices remain inflated versus Asia, the more end-users may look at this option.
The margin weakness in PVC, as shown in Exhibit 1 from today's daily report, suggests that the market might be weakening, but higher prices would suggest that it is not. The integrated margin weakness is mostly the result of rising costs, and the US PVC market may be strong enough to allow producers to pass on these costs fully over time. We still see PVC as the least risky way to play the US polymers market as infrastructure and manufacturing investments should keep demand strong even if we see a decline in consumer durable related spending. The Westlake chart below highlights one of the primary drivers behind our mega-cycle view – no new capacity. The supply shortfalls that are implied in the chart will be mirrored in other basic chemicals in our view but PVC is likely the most acute example – creating what could be a prolonged period of strong margins for the industry.
While we remain advocates of “stronger for longer” with respect to chemical demand and pricing in the US, the auto data does suggest that the US consumer may be cooling off a bit in reaction to higher prices and higher borrowing rates. Historically, the chemical industry has a habit of running headlong into a downturn while waving an “everything is great” flag, and the RPM results and outlook have a vague “deja vu” feel to them. We also note some surprise at the robustness of the MDI market in the chart below, and it would be wrong not to admit that our cautionary antennas are rising. The auto exposed products should still see some upside from higher auto production in the second half of the year, but otherwise, a possible consumer pullback to take the wind out of the sector sales, especially if the US is constrained moving out products because of container and shipping issues. The significant cost advantage remains in the US but the ethylene market over the last week is a reminder of what can happen when you struggle to find someone who can take the last pound. Given infrastructure, energy, and clean energy investment, as well as reshoring, many materials could see significant offsets to consumer spending pullbacks and our focus would remain on PVC and building products, as most of the hit would be in consumer durables. Metals demand should remain strong regardless. For more see today's daily report.
We focus on the building products industry today and it is interesting to note the convergence of the S&P Building Products index and Westlake over the early part of this year, as Westlake has been recognized for its building products footprint, partly aided by the company’s re-segmenting with the last quarterly earnings. The company has reached an all-time high stock price over the last few weeks and has certainly been a great preferred pick for us over the last two years. As interest and mortgage rates rise, we may see a slowdown in home buying as there is generally a good correlation, but this often leads to more home projects as consumers choose not to move and improve what they have.
As noted in Exhibit 1 from today's daily report, the jump in oil prices has plunged the European polyethylene producers into the red and pushed Asian polyethylene producers further into the red. This will inevitably result in price increases as basic chemical and polymer producers will shut down at negative margins, and these price rises offer an opportunity for the US, Middle East, and select other producers.
It is likely a difficult day for the European chemical industry as all of the fuel prices that they depend on are rising quickly, which will force many difficult decisions over the coming days. There are a couple of factors to consider – what happens to costs and margins if energy prices remain inflated, and what happens if energy availability becomes an issue and plant closures are necessary. In a world that is already reeling from inflationary pressure that we have not seen in four decades, there is at least an acceptance that prices can move higher, but the energy-dependent European industrial and materials companies will need to move prices quickly and meaningfully to absorb their higher costs. If natural gas supplies from Russia are halted, Europe is likely going to need to allocate supplies, as there is no easy fix given an LNG system that is already at capacity. Industry will likely take the hit to ensure power for heating and cooling. This will drive product shortages in Europe, especially for chemicals, which will likely make it easier to get the pricing necessary to cover costs.
Westlake Chemical began today at a 52 week high on the back of very strong earnings but has retreated with the market. Westlake has been one of our favorite ideas since founding C-MACC in part because we believe in the diversification strategy into building products and in part because the PVC market has not seen the same level of overinvestment as polyolefins globally over the last 3 years. Westlake’s view of the housing and construction market aligns with ours and by breaking out this segment of the business Westlake should see some valuation benefit from the more stable earnings that this segment should provide. Note that the focused building products companies trade at significantly higher multiples than chemicals. We expect Westlake to get earnings and multiple boosts from here.
While the Shell headlines today are probably the biggest news, it should not be a surprise to anyone that earnings are lower in 4Q than they were in 3Q, as all of the market indicators have been telling us this for months, and Dow made a statement to this effect in early December. Given the location of Shell’s Norco facility, it took a full hit from Hurricane Ida and the company made several statements at the time regarding delays to restarts. We expect other chemical companies to post meaningful declines in earnings for 4Q relative to 3Q 2021, but unless, like Shell, they experienced meaningful production outages, we would still expect 4Q results to be above “normal” and higher than earnings in 2019. We still see share prices for the public companies as very low looking at values relative to 2019 and earnings relative to 2019, but the negative momentum in earnings is more important to investors today than the absolute level of earnings. As we have stated in prior work, we need to get through negative revisions before the sector could look interesting. The exception, as noted in our Daily Report today, could be PVC, where pricing could look better than is already implied in 2022 estimates and valuation. A positive tone in upcoming conference calls may be a turning point for the PVC-related stocks – Westlake primarily. We could see the trend in the chart below reverse.
The ACC forecasts below leave us a little confused as the implication for specialty chemicals is that production declines in the US by an average of 2.0% per annum from 2019 to 2023. Given the demand that we are seeing for US manufacturing, as covered in our most recent Sunday Report, we would expect demand for all inputs to rise and it is unlikely that the gap would be filled by a swing in net imports. The lower demand from the Auto industry in 2020 and 2021 and broader manufacturing shutdowns in 2020 explains the 2020 and 2021 numbers to a degree, but it is not clear why there would not be a rebound as auto rates increase. We would also expect to see a stronger rebound in polymer production in 2022, assuming weather events are less impactful than in 2021, given substantial new capacity for polyethylene from ExxonMobil/SABIC, BayStar, and Shell.